what facial muscle would you use to whistle?
Facial muscles
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The facial muscles, also called craniofacial muscles, are a group of about twenty flat skeletal muscles lying underneath the skin of the face and scalp. About of them originate from the basic or gristly structures of the skull and radiate to insert on the skin.
Contrary to the other skeletal muscles they are not surrounded past a fascia, with the exception of the buccinator muscle. The facial muscles are positioned effectually facial openings (mouth, eye, nose and ear) or stretch across the skull and neck. Thus, these muscles are categorized into several groups;
- Muscles of the oral cavity (buccolabial grouping)
- Muscles of the nose (nasal group)
- Muscles of the cranium and cervix (epicranial grouping)
- Muscles of the external ear (auricular group)
- Muscles of the eyelid(orbital group)
The specific location and attachments of the facial muscles enable them to produce movements of the face, such as smiling, smile and frowning. Thus, these muscles are commonly called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles. All of the facial muscles are innervated by the facial nervus (CN Vii) and vascularized past the facial avenue.
This commodity volition discuss the beefcake of the facial expression muscles and their function.
| Definition and role | A group of muscles originating mainly from the basic of the skull and inserting onto the skin of the face, which produce facial expressions |
| Muscles | Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, procerus, nasalis, orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, zygomaticus modest, buccinator, zygomaticus major, levator anguli oris, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, platysma |
| Innervation | Facial nerve (CN Vii) |
| Blood supply | Facial artery |
Contents
- Muscles of the mouth
- Orbicularis oris muscle
- Buccinator muscle
- Levator labii superioris muscle
- Depressor labii inferioris muscle
- Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
- Mentalis muscle
- Risorius muscle
- Levator anguli oris muscle
- Depressor anguli oris muscle
- Zygomaticus major
- Zygomaticus small-scale
- Muscles of the nose
- Nasalis musculus
- Procerus muscle
- Muscles of the eyelid
- Orbicularis oculi muscle
- Corrugator supercilii musculus
- Muscles of the cranium and neck
- Occipitofrontalis muscle
- Platysma muscle
- Muscles of the external ear
- Auricular muscles
- Clinical notes
- Sources
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Muscles of the mouth
The muscles of the mouth, or buccolabial grouping of muscles, is a broad group of muscles that form a functional chemical compound that controls the shape and movements of the rima oris and lips. There are 11 of these muscles and their functions include:
- Elevating and everting the upper lip: levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, risorius, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major and zygomaticus pocket-size muscles.
- Depressing and everting the lower lip: depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris and mentalis muscles.
- Closing the lips: orbicularis oris muscle.
- Compressing the cheek: buccinator muscle.
The majority of the mouth muscles are continued by a fibromuscular hub onto which their fibers insert. This structure is called the modiolus, it is located at the angles of the mouth and information technology is primarily formed by the buccinator, orbicularis oris, risorius, depressor anguli oris and zygomaticus major muscles.
Orbicularis oris musculus
The orbicularis oris is a circular composite muscle that surrounds the mouth and forms the majority of lips. It consists of 2 parts; labial and marginal, with the border betwixt them corresponding to the margin between the lips and the surrounding peel. Both portions originate from the modiolus, which is a fibromuscular structure found on the lateral sides of the mouth where several facial muscles converge. From the modiolus, the fibers of the orbicularis oris grade medially to fill the peribucal area.
- The peripheral portion passes medially into the labial areas to insert on the dermis of the lips. In the midline, some of the fibers blend with their respective counterparts, forming the philtrum of the oral cavity.
- The marginal portion passes from the modiolus on one side to the modiolus on the other side of the mouth. Some of the fibers curl upon themselves, forming the vermilion border, which is the demarcation between the lips and the next peel.
The orbicularis oris is innervated by the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). Its blood supply mainly stems from the superior and junior labial branches of facial avenue, with contributions from the mental and infraorbital branches of maxillary artery and the transverse facial branch of superficial temporal artery.
The part of the orbicularis oris is to produce movements of the lips. A bilateral contraction of the entire muscle brings the lips together and closes the mouth. An isolated contraction of certain parts of the muscle can produce different movements of the rima oris, such as lip pouting, puckering, twisting and others. Through these actions, the orbicularis oris facilitates speech and helps produce various facial expressions.
Buccinator musculus
The buccinator muscle forms the muscular basis of the cheek, filling the interval between the maxilla and mandible. It is composed of three parts; superior, inferior and posterior.
- The superior office originates from the alveolar process of maxilla, contrary the three maxillary tooth teeth.
- The inferior part originates from the buccinator ridge of mandible, reverse the three mandibular tooth teeth.
- The posterior part originates from the anterior margin of the pterygomandibular raphe behind the 3rd mandibular molar.
All 3 parts of the buccinator converge towards the angle of the mouth and fill up the infinite between the upper and lower jaws. At the angle of the mouth, the fibers of the buccinator blend with other facial muscles, including orbicularis oris, risorius, depressor anguli oris and zygomaticus major, forming the modiolus.
The buccinator is innervated by the buccal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII), and vascularized mainly by the buccal branch of the maxillary artery, with contributions from branches of the facial artery.
The part of the buccinator musculus is to compress the cheek against the molar teeth and forbid them from getting bitten during mastication. Information technology likewise contributes to keeping the bolus of food central in the rima oris and preventing it from escaping into the oral entrance hall. In addition, the buccinator has an important function in playing current of air instruments or whistling, since it allows blowing the air from the inflated vestibule by compressing the cheeks.
To find out more, accept a look at the defended article for the buccinator muscle.
Levator labii superioris muscle
The levator labii superioris is a brusk triangular musculus that originates from the zygomatic process of maxilla and maxillary process of zygomatic bone. Information technology courses downwards and medially to adhere on the skin and submucosa of the upper lip, blending with other facial muscles that insert at this site.
The levator labii superioris is innervated past the zygomatic and buccal branches of facial nerve (CN VII). Its claret supply is provided past the facial artery and infraorbital branch of the maxillary artery.
The activity of the levator labii superioris is to assistance other buccolabial muscles to elevate and evert the upper lip, exposing the maxillary teeth and deepening the nasolabial lines. This action is pregnant in making certain facial expressions, such as smiling, grinning and contempt.
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
The depressor labii inferioris is a short quadrangular musculus institute in the chin region. It originates from the oblique line of mandible while beingness continuous with the labial part of the platysma. The muscle courses superomedially to insert on the skin and submucosa of the lower lip.
Nervous supply to the depressor labii inferioris is provided by the mandibular branch of facial nervus (CN 7). Its blood supply comes from the junior labial branch of facial artery and mental branch of inferior alveolar artery.
The depressor labii inferioris is the main tractor of the lower lip, responsible for pulling the lower lip inferomedially along with the labial function of platysma.
Notice out more details almost the depressor labii inferioris in the article beneath.
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is a slender, strap-similar muscle found on both sides of the nose. It originates from the upper office of the frontal process of the maxilla and passes inferolaterally, inserting on the perichondrium and the pare over the major alar cartilage of the nose. Some of the fibers laissez passer into the lateral role of the upper lip and blend with levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris.
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is innervated by the zygomatic and buccal
branches of facial nerve (CN VII). Its blood supply stems from the facial avenue and the infraorbital branch of the maxillary artery.
The function of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is to elevate and evert the upper lip, equally well every bit to elevate, deepen and increase the curvature of the nasolabial furrow.
Mentalis muscle
The mentalis is a brusque conical muscle located in the chin surface area. Information technology arises from the incisive fossa of mandible and descends inferiorly to insert on the skin of the chin at the level of the mentolabial sulcus of the mandible.
Nervous supply to the mentalis muscle is brought by the mandibular branch of the facial nerve (CN 7). It is vascularized by the inferior labial branch of facial artery and mental branch of the maxillary avenue (via inferior alveolar artery).
The mentalis muscle acts to depress and evert the base of the lower lip, while also creating wrinkles on the peel of the chin. These deportment contribute to sure activities such as shaping the lips while drinking, too every bit creating facial expressions to convey feelings of sadness, antipathy and doubt.
Risorius muscle
The risorius is a highly variable and inconsistent musculus of the buccolabial group. It arises from several origin points that may include the fascia of the parotid gland, fascia of the masseter and platysma muscles, and occasionally the zygomatic curvation. The fibers of the risorius converge medially and course horizontally towards the angles of the mouth, where they blend with other facial muscles to create the modiolus.
The innervation of the risorius stems from the buccal co-operative of facial nerve (CN Vii), and vascularized by the superior labial branch of the facial avenue.
The risorius is deemed equally the "smiling musculus" since its main function involves pulling the angles of the mouth laterally and superiorly to produce a grin.
Levator anguli oris muscle
The levator anguli oris is a slender, sheet-similar muscle that arises from the canine fossa of maxilla. Information technology courses almost vertically inferiorly towards the angle of the oral fissure to attach on the modiolus, while blending with several other facial muscles.
The levator anguli oris is innervated by the zygomatic and buccal branches of facial nerve (CN VII), while its blood supply is provided by the superior labial branch of facial artery and infraorbital branch of maxillary artery.
Equally its name suggests, the primary part of the levator anguli oris is to elevate the angles of the lips, thereby contributing to producing a grinning, together with the risorius, zygomaticus major and small-scale.
Depressor anguli oris muscle
The depressor anguli oris is a triangular muscle situated lateral to the chin on each side of the face. It arises from the oblique line and mental tubercle of mandible and courses almost vertically upwardly to adhere at the modiolus.
Nervous supply of the depressor anguli oris stems from the marginal mandibular and buccal branches of facial nerve (CN Vii). Information technology is vascularized by the inferior labial branch of the facial avenue and the mental branch of the maxillary artery.
The depressor anguli oris actsto depress the angle of the mouth, which contributes to expressing feelings of sadness or acrimony. In addition, this muscle assists in opening the mouth during speaking or eating.
Zygomaticus major
The zygomaticus major is a thin muscle that arises from the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone and extends diagonally to the angle of the mouth. Here, it contributes to the formation of the modiolus past interlacing with several other facial muscles.
The zygomaticus major is innervated by zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). Its claret supply stems from the superior labial co-operative of the facial artery.
The office of the zygomaticus major involves elevating and everting the bending of the mouth superolaterally, thereby producing a grin in synergy with other muscles.
Zygomaticus small
The zygomaticus pocket-size, similarly to its major counterpart, arises from the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone and extends diagonally towards the lips. It inserts on the peel of the upper lip, medial to the zygomaticus major.
Innervation of the zygomaticus small is provided past the zygomatic and buccal branches of facial nerve (CN VII), while its vascular supply stems from the superior labial branch of facial artery.
The zygomaticus minor acts in harmony with other tractors of the upper lip to elevate and evert the upper lip, thereby contributing to a variety of facial expressions such as grin, frowning or grimacing.
Muscles of the nose
The nasal muscle grouping includes the nasalis and procerus muscles. These muscles are primarily involved in creating facial expressions, but they also contribute to respiration.
Nasalis muscle
The nasalis is a minor musculus found on each side of the dorsum of the olfactory organ. According to its point of origin, it consists of ii parts; alar and transverse part.
- The alar part is plant in the area of the nostrils, originating from the frontal part of the maxilla superior to the incisive fossa and medial to the transverse part of the nasalis. Information technology extends upward and anteriorly to inserts on the skin of the ala, superior to the lateral crus of major alar cartilage.
- The transverse part is found in the surface area over the back of the olfactory organ. Information technology arises superolateral to the incisive fossa, lateral to the alar function. Information technology passes superomedially to to insert at the dorsum of the nose past blending with its counterpart beyond the bridge of the nose.
The nasalis muscle is innervated by the buccal branch of facial nerve (CN VII) and vascularized by the superior labial, septal and lateral nasal branches of the facial artery, every bit well as the infraorbital branch of the maxillary artery.
The function of the nasalis muscle involves compressing the nasal discontinuity with its transverse office, and dilating the nostrils with its alar part. These deportment are notable in creating certain facial expressions such equally carrying feelings of anger, but also to enhance deep breathing.
Procerus muscle
The procerus is a small pyramidal muscle occupying the region of the glabella, plant betwixt the eyebrows. It arises from the nasal bone and superior function of the lateral nasal cartilage and extends superiorly in a fan-similar style to insert on the skin over the glabella and the medial ends of the eyebrows.
This musculus is innervated by the temporal, lower zygomatic or buccal branches of facial nerve (CN VII). Its blood supply is derived from the angular and lateral nasal branches of the facial artery.
The procerus acts on its superior zipper to depress the medial ends of the eyebrows and wrinkle the skin over the glabella. This creates a facial expression of frowning to convey emotions of acrimony or sorrow, or when exposed to brilliant light or other centre irritants.
Muscles of the eyelid
Orbicularis oculi muscle
The orbitalis muscle is a sphincter-like muscle that encircles the orbit and the periorbital area. It is composed of three parts:
- The orbital part is the most peripheral function overlaying the orbital rim. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, frontal procedure of maxilla and medial palpebral ligament. Its fibers encircle the orbit and insert to the adjacent soft tissue structures.
- The palpebral part is the central role of the muscle that comprises the eyelids. It arises from the medial palpebral ligament and inserts onto the lateral palpebral ligament
- The deep palpebral (lacrimal) role is the deepest part of the orbicularis oculi situated betwixt the medial palpebral ligament and the lacrimal sac. These fibers pass laterally posterior to the lacrimal sac to insert on the superior and inferior tarsi of eyelids, and the lateral palpebral ligament.
The orbicularis oculi receives innervation from the zygomatic and temporal branches of facial nervus (CN VII) and blood supply from branches of the maxillary, superficial temporal and facial arteries.
The function of the orbicularis oculi depends on which part of the musculus contracts. Contraction of the orbital part pulls the skin of the forehead and cheek towards the nose and tightly closes the eyes, commonly for protective purposes. In plow, the palpebral part exhibits a effectively control of the eyelids by closing them gently during blinking or sleeping. Finally, the deep palpebral role pulls the eyelids and lacrimal papillae medially and dilates the lacrimal sac, while compressing the lacrimal gland and ducts. These actions facilitate the catamenia of tears beyond the lacrimal apparatus.
Corrugator supercilii muscle
The corrugator supercilii is a slender muscle establish deep to the medial end of the eyebrows. It arises from the medial finish of the superciliary arch of frontal bone, and extends laterally and slightly superiorly to insert into the pare of the centre part of the countenance.
The corrugator supercilii is innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII), and vascularized past the ophthalmic co-operative of the internal carotid artery, and the superficial temporal branch of the external carotid artery.
Upon contraction, the corrugator supercilii acts to pull the eyebrows medially and produces vertical wrinkles over the glabella, creating a facial expression of frowning.
Muscles of the cranium and neck
Occipitofrontalis muscle
The occipitofrontalis is a wide muscle that overlies the superior surface of the scalp, extending from the eyebrows to the superior nuchal lines of the occipital bones. The muscle consists of an occipital and a frontal role, which are connected by a fibrous sheath called the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica). Both the occipital and frontal parts contain a pair of quadrangular muscle heads.
- The frontal function originates from the skin of the eyebrows and the superior parts of the periorbital group of facial muscles. It so courses posterolaterally to blend with the epicranial aponeurosis at the level of the coronal suture of the skull.
- The occipital part arises from the lateral 2-thirds of the superior nuchal line of occipital bone and courses superiorly to insert onto the epicranial aponeurosis at the lambdoid suture.
Both parts of the occipitofrontalis are innervated past the facial nerve (CN 7). The frontal office is supplied by the temporal branches, while the occipital part receives innervation from the posterior auricular co-operative of the facial nerve. The blood supply to the frontal part is derived from the ophthalmic and superficial temporal arteries, while the occipital function is vascularized past the posterior auricular and occipital arteries.
The role of the occipitofrontalis depends on which part of the muscle contracts:
- Frontal part: when its brow attachment is fixed, the contraction of the frontal part pulls the scalp forwards and wrinkles the brow, producing a frown. If its aponeurotic attachment is fixed, the frontal belly elevates the eyebrows and skin of the brow, creating an expression of surprise.
- Occipital part: when its nuchal attachment is fixed, the occipital office retracts the scalp. When its aponeurotic zipper is fixed, this part of the muscle moves the scalp anteriorly.
Platysma muscle
The platysma is a sheet-like muscle situated within the superficial cervical fascia of the inductive neck. Information technology arises from the skin and fascia of the superior thoracic and shoulder regions and ascends along the anterolateral sides of the cervix. The medial fibers of the platysma insert onto the lower edge of the mandible and the skin of the lower lip. The lateral fibers of the platysma insert on the skin of the perioral region, where they alloy with the several muscles surrounding the rima oris and contribute to the formation of the modiolus.
The platysma receives nervous supply from the cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN Vii), and blood supply from the submental branch of the facial artery, and suprascapular branch of the thyrocervical body.
The functions of the platysma depend on the office of the muscle that contracts. With contraction of the lateral fibers that adhere on the modiolus, the platysma can contribute to lowering the corners of the oral cavity and lower lip, while its medial attachment on the mandible can assist in depressing the mandible and opening the mouth.
Muscles of the external ear
Auricular muscles
The auricular muscles are thin, fan-shaped muscles that connect the auricle to the scalp, and move the auricle to a certain extent. These muscles include:
- The auricularis anterior, that arises from the lateral border of the epicranial aponeurosis and attaches to the spine of the helix of the auricle.
- The auricularis posterior, that arises from the mastoid procedure of the temporal bone and inserts into the ponticulus on the eminentia conchae.
- The auricularis superior, that arises from the epicranial aponeurosis and converges into a thin, flat tendon to insert onto the upper role of the auricle.
All auricular muscles are innervated by the branches of the facial nerve; the auricularis inductive and superior are supplied by temporal branches, while the auricularis posterior is supplied by the posterior auricular co-operative. The blood supply for the auricular muscles is mostly derived from the posterior auricular artery.
Since the auricular muscles are quite rudimentary, their function is mainly insignificant in humans. Most of the movements of the ear produced by these muscles are observed during grinning and yawning, involving pulling the auricle anteriorly, posteriorly or superiorly.
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Clinical notes
The inability to move facial muscles is a classic symptom of facial nerve paralysis. Hereby, one tin clinically differentiate between a peripheral lesion and primal lesion.
- In peripheral facial lesions the facial muscles are completely paralyzed on the affected side. When trying to close the lids the middle rotates upwards exposing the sclera (Bong's phenomenon).
- In cardinal facial lesions one can still contraction the forehead on both sides.
The reason behind this is that the motor branches of the forehead muscles derive from both the ipsi- and contralateral facial nuclei. In both types of facial nervus paralysis speech, chewing and facial expression are severely impaired. Depending on the location of the lesion, the affected patients suffer from boosted disturbances of tear and saliva secretion, hearing or gustation.
At that place is a variety of causes for facial nerve paralysis including inflammation (east.k. herpes zoster infection), stroke, petrous os fracture and tumors (eastward.chiliad. vestibular schwannoma) merely in most cases a definite cause cannot be constitute (idiopathic facial nervus paralysis, besides known every bit Bong'southward palsy). Electric current studies suggest that infections with the Canker simplex virus type 1 and other less harmful viruses are behind Bong'south palsy.
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